amakuru

Iterambere ryaresin ya polyester idasembuyeIbicuruzwa bifite amateka y'imyaka irenga 70. Mu gihe gito nk'iki, ibicuruzwa bya polyester resin bitarasesekaye byateye imbere vuba mu bijyanye n'umusaruro n'urwego rwa tekiniki. Kuva aho ibicuruzwa bya polyester resin bitarasesekaye byateye imbere bikaba ubwoko bunini mu nganda za thermosetting resin. Mu gihe cyo guteza imbere polyester resin zitarasesekaye, amakuru ya tekiniki ku ruhushya rw'ibicuruzwa, ibinyamakuru by'ubucuruzi, ibitabo bya tekiniki, nibindi agaragara kimwe ku kindi. Kugeza ubu, hari amapatanti amagana y'ibihangano by'ubuvumbuzi buri mwaka, ajyanye na polyester resin itarasesekaye. Biragaragara ko ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora no gukoresha polyester resin itarasesekaye ryarushijeho gukura bitewe n'iterambere ry'umusaruro, kandi buhoro buhoro ryagiye rishyiraho uburyo bwaryo bwihariye kandi bwuzuye bwa tekiniki bwo gukora no gukoresha. Mu gihe gishize cyo guteza imbere, polyester resin zitarasesekaye zagize uruhare rudasanzwe mu mikoreshereze rusange. Mu gihe kizaza, izatera imbere mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zigamije inyungu zihariye, kandi icyarimwe, ikiguzi cya resin rusange kizagabanuka. Ibi bikurikira ni bimwe mu bwoko bwa polyester resin idafite ubushyuhe kandi ishimishije, harimo: resin igabanya ubushyuhe, resin idashobora gushya, resin ikomeye, resin idashobora kwangirika, resin ifata gel, resin igabanya ubushyuhe. Resin idafite ubushyuhe bwinshi, resin ihendutse ifite imiterere yihariye, hamwe n'intoki z'ibiti zikora neza zikozwe mu bikoresho n'imikorere mishya.

1.Resin yoroshye kugabanuka

Ubu bwoko bwa resin bushobora kuba ari ingingo ya kera. Resin ya polyester idafite ifu iherekezwa no kugabanuka gukomeye mu gihe cyo gushonga, kandi igipimo rusange cyo kugabanuka ni 6-10%. Uku kugabanuka gushobora kwangiza cyane cyangwa no gushwanyagura ibikoresho, atari mu buryo bwo gukanda (SMC, BMC). Kugira ngo batsinde iki kibazo, resin za thermoplastic zikoreshwa nk'inyongera zo kugabanuka guke. Patenti muri uru rwego yahawe DuPont mu 1934, patenti nimero US 1.945,307. Patenti ivuga uburyo copolymerization ya aside dibasic antelopelic hamwe n'ibinyabutabire bya vinyl ikoreshwa. Birumvikana ko icyo gihe, iyi patenti yabaye iya mbere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo kugabanuka guke kuri resin za polyester. Kuva icyo gihe, abantu benshi biyeguriye kwiga sisitemu za copolymer, icyo gihe zafatwaga nk'ibyuma bya pulasitiki. Mu 1966 resin za Marco zo kugabanuka guke zakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu gushushanya no mu nganda.

Nyuma Ishyirahamwe ry’Inganda za Plastics ryita iki gicuruzwa "SMC", bisobanura imvange yo gushushanya impapuro, naho imvange yayo yo gushushanya idafite ubushyuhe bwinshi "BMC" bivuze imvange yo gushushanya ikoresheje ubucucike bwinshi. Ku mpapuro za SMC, muri rusange bisabwa ko ibice byakozwe na resin bifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu, ubworoherane n’ubushyuhe bw’urwego rwa A, kandi hagomba kwirindwa uduce duto two ku buso, ibyo bikaba bisaba ko resin ihuye igira ubushyuhe buke. Birumvikana ko patenti nyinshi zarushijeho kunoza ubu buryo, kandi gusobanukirwa uburyo ingaruka zo gushonga buhoro buhoro byagiye bikura buhoro buhoro, kandi ibintu bitandukanye byo gushonga buhoro cyangwa inyongera nke byagiye bigaragara uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana. Inyongera nke zikoreshwa cyane ni polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate n'ibindi nk'ibyo.

2. Resin igabanya umuriro

Hari igihe ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro biba ingenzi kimwe no gutabara imiti, kandi ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bishobora kwirinda cyangwa kugabanya ibyago. Mu Burayi, umubare w'impfu z'inkongi wagabanutseho hafi 20% mu myaka icumi ishize bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro. Umutekano w'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro ubwabyo ni ingenzi cyane. Ni inzira igenda buhoro kandi igoye gushyiraho ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda. Kuri ubu, Umuryango w'Uburayi wakoze kandi urimo gukora isuzuma ry'ibyago ku bikoresho byinshi bigabanya umuriro bishingiye kuri halogen na halogen-phosphorus., byinshi muri byo bizarangira hagati ya 2004 na 2006. Kuri ubu, igihugu cyacu muri rusange gikoresha diols zirimo chlorine cyangwa bromine cyangwa dibasic aside halogen nk'ibikoresho fatizo mu gutegura resins zigabanya umuriro. Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bya halogen bitanga umwotsi mwinshi iyo bitwitswe, kandi biherekezwa no gukora hydrogen halide ikarishye cyane. Umwotsi mwinshi n'umwotsi w'uburozi biva mu gihe cyo gutwika bitera ingaruka mbi ku bantu.

Impanuka zisaga 80% z'inkongi ziterwa n'ibi. Indi mbogamizi yo gukoresha ibintu bigabanya umuriro bishingiye kuri bromine cyangwa hydrogen ni uko imyuka ihumanya ibidukikije ikorwa iyo itwitswe, ibyo bikangiza ibice by'amashanyarazi. Gukoresha ibintu bigabanya umuriro nk'alumina, manyeziyumu, ubwiza, molybdenum n'ibindi bikoresho bigabanya umuriro bishobora gutuma habaho umwotsi muke kandi nta burozi bwinshi bifite, nubwo bigira ingaruka zigaragara ku kugabanya umwotsi. Ariko, niba ingano y'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro mu buryo busanzwe ari nini cyane, ntabwo ari ubushyuhe bwa resin gusa buziyongera, ibyo bikaba bidafasha mu bwubatsi, ahubwo no iyo ingano nini y'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro byongewe kuri resin, bizagira ingaruka ku mbaraga za mashini n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi ya resin nyuma yo gushya.

Kugeza ubu, abanyamahanga benshi batanze patenti bavuze ko bakoresha ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bishingiye kuri fosifore kugira ngo bakore resine zigabanya umuriro nke kandi zidakoresha umwotsi mwinshi. Ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bishingiye kuri fosifore bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku muriro. Aside metaphosphorique ikorwa mu gihe cyo gutwika ishobora guhindurwa polymere ihamye, igakora urwego rwo kurinda, igatwikira ubuso bw'ikintu gitwika, igatandukanya ogisijeni, igatuma ubuso bwa resine bugabanuka kandi bugatera karubone, kandi igakora firime irinda karubone. Bityo bikarinda gutwika kandi icyarimwe ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bishingiye kuri fosifore bishobora no gukoreshwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bya halogen, bifite ingaruka zigaragara cyane ku bwumvikane. Birumvikana ko icyerekezo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza cya resine igabanya umuriro ari umwotsi muto, uburozi buke kandi igiciro gito. Resine nziza ni idafite umwotsi, uburozi buke, ihendutse, ntigira ingaruka kuri resine, ifite imiterere isanzwe, ntikeneye kongeramo ibindi bikoresho, kandi ishobora gukorwa mu buryo butaziguye mu ruganda rukora resine.

3. Gukomeza uruziga

Ugereranyije n'ubwoko bwa polyester idafite amavuta menshi bwa mbere, ubukomere bwa resin buriho bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane. Ariko, bitewe n'iterambere ry'inganda za polyester idafite amavuta menshi, hari ibindi bisabwa kugira ngo resin idafite amavuta ikore neza, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no gukomera. Ubukomere bwa resin idafite amavuta menshi nyuma yo gushya bwabaye ikibazo gikomeye kibuza iterambere rya resin idafite amavuta menshi. Byaba ari ibikoresho by'ubukorikori byakozwe mu buryo bw'intoki cyangwa ibikoresho byabumbwe cyangwa byakomeretse, uburebure bw'aho bihagarara buba ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa bya resin.

Muri iki gihe, bamwe mu bakinnyi b'abanyamahanga bakoresha uburyo bwo kongeramo resin yuzuye kugira ngo bongere ubukomere. Nk'iyo kongeramo polyester yuzuye, rubber ya styrene-butadiene na rubber ya styrene-butadiene ya karubokisi (suo-), n'ibindi, ubu buryo ni ubw'uburyo bwo gukomeretsa. Bushobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kwinjiza polymeri za block mu muyoboro mukuru wa polyester idafite ubushyuhe, nk'imiterere y'urusobe rw'amazi ikorwa na resin ya polyester idafite ubushyuhe na resin ya epoxy na polyurethane, ibyo bikaba byongera cyane imbaraga zo gukurura no gukomera kw'ingufu za resin. , ubu buryo bwo gukomeretsa ni ubw'uburyo bwo gukomeretsa bwa shimi. Uruvange rwo gukomeretsa fiziki no gukomeretsa shimi narwo rushobora gukoreshwa, nko kuvanga polyester idafite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibikoresho bidakunze kugira ngo bigere ku buryo bworoshye bwifuzwa.

Kugeza ubu, impapuro za SMC zakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda z'imodoka bitewe n'uburemere bwazo bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi, kudahura n'ingufu, ndetse no koroherwa n'imiterere yazo. Ku bice by'ingenzi nka paneli z'imodoka, inzugi z'inyuma, n'inyuma, hakenewe gukomera neza, nk'inyuma z'imodoka. Ibyuma bishobora kunama ku rugero ruto bigasubira ku ishusho yabyo nyuma yo gukubitwa gato. Kongera gukomera kwa resin akenshi bitakaza indi miterere ya resin, nko gukomera, imbaraga zo kuzunguruka, kudashyuha, no kwihuta mu gihe cyo kubaka. Kunoza gukomera kwa resin hatabayeho gutakaza indi miterere y'iresin yabaye ingingo y'ingenzi mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere resin za polyester zidafite imyuka.

4. Resin idafite styrene nyinshi kandi irahindagurika cyane

Mu gihe cyo gutunganya resine ya polyester idafite amazi, styrene ihumanya ihinduka itera ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw'abubatsi. Muri icyo gihe, styrene isohoka mu kirere, ibyo bikaba byanatera umwanda ukomeye w'ikirere. Kubwibyo, inzego nyinshi zigenzura ubwinshi bwemewe bwa styrene mu mwuka w'aho ikorerwa. Urugero, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, urwego rwemewe rwo kuyishyiramo (urwego rwemewe rwo kuyishyiramo) ni 50ppm, mu gihe mu Busuwisi agaciro kayo ka PEL ari 25ppm, ingano ntoya y'ibice nk'ibyo ntibyoroshye kugeraho. Kwishingikiriza ku mwuka ukomeye nabyo ni bike. Muri icyo gihe, umwuka mwinshi utuma styrene itakaza hejuru y'umusaruro ndetse n'ubwinshi bwa styrene bugahinduka mu kirere. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo kugabanya kwishyiramo kwa styrene, uhereye ku mizi, haracyari ngombwa kurangiza uyu murimo mu ruganda rukora resine. Ibi bisaba guteza imbere resins nke za styrene volatility (LSE) zidahumanya ikirere cyangwa ngo zigabanye kwanduza ikirere, cyangwa resins za polyester zidafite styrene monomers.

Kugabanya ingano ya monomers zihindagurika ni ingingo yatejwe imbere n’inganda z’abanyamahanga zikora polyester resin zidafite styrene mu myaka yashize. Hari uburyo bwinshi bukoreshwa ubu: (1) uburyo bwo kongeramo imiti igabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere; (2) uburyo bwo gukora polyester resin zidafite styrene monomers bukoresha divinyl, vinylmethylbenzene, α-methyl Styrene kugira ngo zisimbuze vinyl monomers zirimo styrene monomers; (3) Uburyo bwo gukora polyester resin zidafite styrene monomers ni ugukoresha monomers zavuzwe haruguru hamwe na styrene monomers, nko gukoresha diallyl phthalate. Gukoresha monomers zishyuha cyane nka esters na acrylic copolymers hamwe na styrene monomers: (4) Ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ukwinjiza izindi units nka dicyclopentadiene n’ibikomoka kuri yo muri polyester zidafite ibyuma bya Resin, kugira ngo habeho viscosity nke, kandi amaherezo kugabanya ingano ya styrene monomer.

Mu gushaka uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cyo guhindagurika kwa styrene, ni ngombwa gusuzuma neza uburyo resin ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe bwo gushushanya nko gutera amavuta ku buso, gusiga amavuta, gushushanya SMC, ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda, no guhuza na sisitemu ya resin. , Uburyo resin ikora, ubukana, imiterere ya resin nyuma yo gushushanya, nibindi. Mu gihugu cyanjye, nta tegeko risobanutse rihari ryo kugabanya guhindagurika kwa styrene. Ariko, hamwe no kunoza imibereho y'abaturage no kunoza ubumenyi bw'abaturage ku buzima bwabo no kurengera ibidukikije, ni ikibazo cy'igihe gito mbere y'uko amategeko ajyanye n'ibyo asabwa asabwa ku gihugu kidakoresha ibintu byinshi nkatwe.

5. Resin irwanya ingese

Imwe mu mikoreshereze ikomeye ya resine za polyester zitarazura ni ubudahangarwa bwazo ku binyabutabire nka organic solvents, aside, bases, na umunyu. Dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’imiyoboro ya resine zitarazura babivuga, resine zirinda ubwiyongere zigabanyijemo ibice bikurikira: (1) ubwoko bwa o-benzene; (2) ubwoko bwa iso-benzene; (3) ubwoko bwa p-benzene; (4) ubwoko bwa bisphenol A; (5) ubwoko bwa ester ya vinyl; n'izindi nka xylene, ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire birimo halogen, nibindi. Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'ubushakashatsi bukomeje gukorwa n'abahanga mu bya siyansi b'ibisekuru byinshi, ubwiyongere bwa resine n'uburyo bwo kudahangarwa kwa ubwiyongere byasuzumwe neza. Resine ihindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye, nko kwinjiza skeleton ya molekile igoye kurwanya ubwiyongere muri resine ya polyester itarazura, cyangwa gukoresha polyester itarazura, ester ya vinyl na isocyanate kugira ngo habeho imiterere y'umuyoboro uhuza, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu kunoza ubudahangarwa bwa resine. Ubudahangarwa bwa ubwiyongere burakora neza cyane, kandi resine ikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvanga resine ya aside ishobora no kugera ku budahangarwa bwiza bwa ubwiyongere.

Ugereranyije naresine za epoxy,Uburyo buhendutse kandi bworoshye bwo gutunganya resine za polyester zitarazura byabaye inyungu nini. Nk’uko abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga rya resine zitarazura bavuga, uburyo resine za polyester zitarazura zirwanya ingese, cyane cyane ubudahangarwa bwa alkali, ni buke cyane ugereranyije n’ubwa epoxy resin. Ntizishobora gusimbura resine ya epoxy. Muri iki gihe, kwiyongera kw’ubutaka burwanya ingese byatanze amahirwe n’imbogamizi kuri resine za polyester zitarazura. Kubwibyo, iterambere rya resine zidasanzwe zirwanya ingese rifite amahirwe menshi.

6.Resin yo mu bwoko bwa gel coat

Ikoti rya gel rigira uruhare runini mu bikoresho bivanze. Ntabwo rigira uruhare mu mitako gusa ku buso bw'ibicuruzwa bya FRP, ahubwo rinagira uruhare mu kudasaza, kudasaza no kudasaza. Nk'uko impuguke zo mu ihuriro ry'imiti idafite amazi menshi zibivuga, icyerekezo cy'iterambere rya gel coat resin ni ugukora gel coat resin ifite styrene nkeya, yumisha neza umwuka kandi irwanya ingese cyane. Hari isoko rinini ry'imiti irinda ubushyuhe muri gel coat resin. Iyo ibikoresho bya FRP byinjijwe mu mazi ashyushye igihe kirekire, udusebe tuzagaragara ku buso. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe n'uko amazi yinjira buhoro buhoro mu bikoresho bivanze, udusebe two hejuru tuzagenda twiyongera buhoro buhoro. Udusebe ntituzagira ingaruka gusa. Isura y'ikoti rya gel izajya igabanya buhoro buhoro imbaraga z'ibicuruzwa.

Cook Composites and Polymers Co. yo muri Kansas, muri Amerika, ikoresha uburyo bwa epoxy na glycidyl ether buvangwa na ether kugira ngo ikore resin ya gel coat ifite ubukana buke kandi irwanya amazi n'ibinyabutabire. Byongeye kandi, ikigo gikoresha resin ya polyether polyol-modified na epoxy-terminated A (flexible resin) na resin B (rigid resin) ya dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), byombi bifite nyuma yo kuvangwa, resin ifite ubukana bw'amazi ntabwo ishobora gusa kugira ubukana bwiza bw'amazi, ahubwo ishobora no kugira ubukana bwiza n'imbaraga. Ibintu bishongesha cyangwa ibindi bintu bidafite molekile byinjira mu buryo bwa FRP binyuze mu gice cya gel coat, bikaba resin irwanya amazi ifite imiterere myiza cyane.

7. Ifu yoroheje ya polyester idashyushye

Ibiranga ubushyuhe bwa polyester idafite ubushyuhe ni igihe kirekire mu nkono kandi umuvuduko wayo wihuta. Uduce twa polyester idafite ubushyuhe dushobora kuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo hagabanywe ubushyuhe bwa styrene binyuze mu bushyuhe bw'urumuri. Bitewe n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho bikora fotosensitizi n'amatara, hashyizweho urufatiro rwo guteza imbere uturemangingo dushobora kuvurwa. Uduce twa polyester idafite ubushyuhe dushobora kuvurwa n'imirasire ya UV twakozwe neza kandi dushyirwa mu bikorwa ku bwinshi. Imiterere y'ibikoresho, imikorere n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe birarushaho kwiyongera, kandi imikorere myiza yo gukora nayo irushaho kwiyongera hakoreshejwe ubu buryo.

8. Resin ihendutse ifite imiterere yihariye

Resin nk'izo zirimo resin zikozwe mu ifuro n'ingufu z'amazi. Muri iki gihe, ibura ry'ingufu z'ibiti riri kuzamuka cyane. Hari kandi ikibazo cy'abakora ibikoresho by'inzobere bakora mu nganda zitunganya imbaho, kandi aba bakozi barimo bahembwa cyane. Ibi bintu bituma pulasitiki y'ubuhanga yinjira ku isoko ry'imbaho. Resin zikozwe mu ifuro zidafite amazi n'ingufu zirimo amazi zizakorwa nk'ibiti by'ubukorano mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bitewe n'uko bihendutse kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi. Gukoreshwa bizatinda mu ntangiriro, hanyuma hamwe no kunoza ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya, iyi porogaramu izakorwa vuba.

Resine za polyester zitaraseswa zishobora gukurwaho ifuro kugira ngo hakorwe resine zifite ifuro zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibice byo ku nkuta, ibice by'ubwiherero byakozwe mbere, n'ibindi. Ubukomere n'imbaraga bya pulasitiki ifite ifuro hamwe na resine ya polyester itaseswa nk'umusemburo ni byiza kuruta iya PS ifite ifuro; biroroshye kuyitunganya kurusha PVC ifite ifuro; igiciro kiri hasi ugereranyije n'iya pulasitiki ya polyurethane ifite ifuro, kandi kongeramo ibintu bigabanya umuriro nabyo bishobora gutuma igabanya umuriro kandi ikarwanya gusaza. Nubwo ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha resine ryatejwe imbere byuzuye, ikoreshwa rya resine ya polyester itaseswa mu bikoresho byo mu nzu ntiryitabwaho cyane. Nyuma y'iperereza, bamwe mu bakora resine bafite amatsiko menshi yo gukora ubu bwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho. Ibibazo bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi (gusiga uruhu, imiterere y'ubuki, isano y'igihe cyo gusohora gel-foaming, kugenzura imiyoboro ya exothermic ntabwo byakemutse neza mbere y'uko bikorerwa mu bucuruzi. Kugeza igihe igisubizo kibonetse, iyi resine ishobora gukoreshwa gusa kubera ko ihendutse mu nganda z'ibikoresho. Ibi bibazo nibimara gukemuka, iyi resine izakoreshwa cyane mu bice nka foam fire resin aho gukoresha ubukungu bwayo gusa.

Resine za polyester zidafite amazi zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ubwoko bushonga mu mazi n'ubwoko bwa emulsion. Mu myaka ya za 1960 mu mahanga, habayeho patenti na raporo z'ibitabo muri uru rwego. Resine irimo amazi igomba kongeramo amazi nk'icyuzuza resine ya polyester idafite amazi kuri resine mbere ya gel ya resin, kandi ingano y'amazi ishobora kugera kuri 50%. Resine nk'iyo yitwa resine ya WEP. Resine ifite imiterere yo kugabanuka, uburemere bworoshye nyuma yo gushya, kudashya neza no kugabanuka guke. Iterambere n'ubushakashatsi kuri resine irimo amazi mu gihugu cyanjye byatangiye mu myaka ya za 1980, kandi bimaze igihe kirekire. Ku bijyanye no kuyikoresha, yakoreshejwe nk'ikintu gikomeza. Resine ya polyester idafite amazi ni ubwoko bushya bwa UPR. Ikoranabuhanga muri laboratwari riri kugenda rikura, ariko hari ubushakashatsi buke ku kuyikoresha. Ibibazo bikeneye gukemurwa cyane ni uguhagarara neza kwa emulsion, ibibazo bimwe na bimwe mu buryo bwo kuyitunganya no kuyihindura, n'ikibazo cyo kwemerwa n'abakiriya. Muri rusange, resin ya polyester idafite amazi menshi ya toni 10.000 ishobora gukora toni zigera kuri 600 z'amazi mabi buri mwaka. Iyo gucika kw'amazi yakozwe mu ikorwa rya resin ya polyester idafite amazi menshi bikoreshejwe mu gukora resin irimo amazi, bizagabanya ikiguzi cya resin kandi bigakemura ikibazo cyo kurengera ibidukikije mu ikorwa.

Ducuruza ibintu bikurikira bya resin: resin ya polyester idafite amazi;resin ya vinyl; resin ya gel coat; resin ya epoxy.

Nanone dukoraurujya n'uruza rw'ibirahuri bya fiberglass,imitako ya fiberglass, urushundura rwa fiberglass, naurujya n'uruza rw'ibirahuri biboshye.

Twandikire:

Nimero ya terefone: +8615823184699

Nimero ya telefoni: +8602367853804

Email:marketing@frp-cqdj.com