Amakuru

Iterambere ryapolyester idahagijeibicuruzwa bifite amateka yimyaka irenga 70. Mugihe gito gito, ibicuruzwa bya polyester bidahagije byateye imbere byihuse mubijyanye nibisohoka nurwego rwa tekiniki. Kuva ibicuruzwa bya polyester byahoze bidahagije byateye imbere mubwoko bunini mu nganda za termosetting. Mugihe cyiterambere rya polyester idahagije, amakuru ya tekiniki kuri patenti yibicuruzwa, ibinyamakuru byubucuruzi, ibitabo bya tekiniki, nibindi bigaragara. Kugeza ubu, buri mwaka hari amajana yama patenti yivumbuwe, afitanye isano na polyester idahagije. Birashobora kugaragara ko tekinoroji nogukoresha tekinoroji ya polyester idahagije yarushijeho gukura hamwe niterambere ryumusaruro, kandi buhoro buhoro yashizeho uburyo bwihariye bwa tekiniki bwihariye kandi bwuzuye bwo gukora no gutanga ibitekerezo. Mubikorwa byiterambere byashize, ibisigazwa bya polyester bidahagije byatanze umusanzu wihariye mugukoresha rusange. Mugihe kizaza, bizatera imbere mubice bimwe byihariye-bigamije, kandi mugihe kimwe, ikiguzi cyibikorwa rusange bizagabanuka. Ibikurikira nuburyo bumwe bushimishije kandi butanga ibyiringiro bya polyester resin, harimo: resinage nkeya, resin retardant resin, resin ikaze, resin irwanya ruswa, resin irwanya ruswa, ikote rya gel, resin yoroheje ikiza resin idahagije, hamwe nibintu byihariye, hamwe nigikorwa-kinini cyibiti intoki zahujwe nibikoresho bishya nibikorwa.

1.Gabanya kugabanuka

Ubu bwoko bwa resin bushobora kuba ingingo ishaje. Amashanyarazi adahagije ya polyester aherekejwe no kugabanuka kwinshi mugihe cyo gukira, kandi igipimo rusange cyo kugabanuka ni 6-10%. Uku kugabanuka kurashobora guhindura cyane cyangwa no kumena ibikoresho, ntabwo biri mubikorwa byo guhunika (SMC, BMC). Kugira ngo utsinde iyi mbogamizi, resimoplastike isanzwe ikoreshwa nkibintu byongera kugabanuka. Ipatanti muri kano karere yahawe DuPont mu 1934, nimero ya patenti US 1.945.307. Ipatanti isobanura copolymerisation ya dibasic antelopelic acide hamwe na vinyl. Ikigaragara ni uko muri kiriya gihe, iyi patenti yatangije tekinoroji yo kugabanya ibikoresho bya polyester. Kuva icyo gihe, abantu benshi bitangiye kwiga sisitemu ya copolymer, icyo gihe yafatwaga nk'imisemburo ya plastike. Mu 1966, Marco yagabanutse cyane yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu kubumba no gukora inganda.

Ishyirahamwe ry’inganda za plastiki nyuma ryise iki gicuruzwa "SMC", bivuze ko impapuro zishushanya impapuro, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byacyo bigabanuka cyane "BMC" bisobanura ibice byinshi. Ku mpapuro za SMC, muri rusange birasabwa ko ibice byabitswe bifite kwihanganira neza, guhindagurika no kurabagirana mu rwego rwa A, kandi hagomba kwirindwa uduce duto duto duto, bisaba ibisigazwa bihuye kugira igipimo gito cyo kugabanuka. Birumvikana ko patenti nyinshi zimaze kunoza no kunoza ubwo buhanga, kandi gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwingaruka zo kugabanuka kwagiye gukura buhoro buhoro, kandi ibintu bitandukanye bigabanuka-bigabanuka cyangwa inyongeramusaruro nkeya byagaragaye nkuko ibihe bisabwa. Bikunze gukoreshwa inyongeramusaruro nkeya ni polystirene, polymethyl methacrylate nibindi bisa.

drtgf (1) 2.Umuriro utinda

Rimwe na rimwe, ibikoresho bya flame retardant ni ngombwa nko gutabara ibiyobyabwenge, kandi ibikoresho byo kwirinda flame birashobora kwirinda cyangwa kugabanya ibiza. Mu Burayi, umubare w’impfu z’umuriro wagabanutseho 20% mu myaka icumi ishize kubera ikoreshwa ry’umuriro. Umutekano wibikoresho bya flame retardant ubwayo nabyo ni ngombwa cyane. Nibikorwa bitinda kandi bigoye guhuza ubwoko bwibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda. Kugeza ubu, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ufite kandi urimo gukora isuzuma ry’ibyago ku bantu benshi bashingiye kuri halogene na halogen-fosifore. , ibyinshi muri byo bizarangira hagati ya 2004 na 2006. Kugeza ubu, igihugu cyacu muri rusange gikoresha chlorine irimo chlorine cyangwa bromine irimo diol cyangwa insimburangingo ya aside ya dibasic halogen nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango bategure ibisigazwa bya flame retardant. Halogene flame retardants izatanga umwotsi mwinshi mugihe utwitse, kandi iherekejwe no kubyara hydrogène halide irakaza cyane. Umwotsi mwinshi hamwe numwotsi wuburozi byakozwe mugihe cyo gutwika bitera abantu nabi cyane.

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Kurenga 80% byimpanuka zumuriro ziterwa nibi. Indi mbogamizi yo gukoresha bromine cyangwa hydrogène ishingiye ku gucana umuriro ni uko imyuka yangiza kandi yangiza ibidukikije izabyara igihe yatwitswe, bikazangiza ibyangiza amashanyarazi. Gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana nka alumina hydrated hydrated aluminium, magnesium, canopy, molybdenum nibindi byongeramo flame retardant birashobora kubyara umwotsi muke hamwe nubumara buke bwa flame retardant, nubwo bifite ingaruka zigaragara zo guhagarika umwotsi. Ariko, niba ingano ya flame retardant yuzuza ari nini cyane, ntabwo bizongera gusa ububobere bwa resin bwiyongera, butajyanye nubwubatsi, ariko kandi mugihe umubare munini winyongera ya flame retardant wongeyeho kuri resin, bizagira ingaruka imbaraga za mashini nibikoresho byamashanyarazi bya resin nyuma yo gukira.

Kugeza ubu, patenti nyinshi z’amahanga zavuze ko tekinoroji yo gukoresha fosifore ishingiye kuri flame retardants kugirango itange uburozi buke n’umwotsi muke w’umuriro. Fosifore ishingiye kuri flame retardants igira ingaruka zitari nke za flame retardant. Acide metafosifike ikorwa mugihe cyo gutwikwa irashobora guhindurwamo polimeri ihagaze neza ya polymer, igakora urwego rukingira, igapfukirana hejuru yikintu cyaka, igatandukanya umwuka wa ogisijeni, igatera umwuma hamwe na karuboni yubuso bwa resin, hanyuma igakora firime ikingira karubone. Kurinda rero gutwikwa kandi mugihe kimwe na fosifore ishingiye kuri flame retardants irashobora kandi gukoreshwa ifatanije na halogen flame retardants, ifite ingaruka zigaragara cyane. Nibyo, icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi kizaza cya flame retardant resin ni umwotsi muke, uburozi buke nigiciro gito. Ibisigarira byiza bitarimo umwotsi, uburozi buke, bidahenze, ntibigira ingaruka kuri resin, bifite imiterere yumubiri, ntibikeneye kongeramo ibikoresho, kandi birashobora kubyazwa umusaruro muruganda rukora resin.

3.Gukomera

Ugereranije nubwoko bwambere butuzuye bwa polyester resin, ubu resin ubukana bwaratejwe imbere cyane. Ariko, hamwe niterambere ryinganda zo hepfo ya polyester idahagije, hasabwa byinshi bishya kugirango imikorere yimisemburo idahagije, cyane cyane mubijyanye no gukomera. Ubwinshi bwimyanda idahagije nyuma yo gukira byabaye ikibazo cyingenzi kibuza iterambere ryimyanda idahagije. Yaba ibicuruzwa byakozwe mubukorikori cyangwa ibicuruzwa byabumbwe cyangwa ibikomere, kurambura kuruhuka biba ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa.

Kugeza ubu, abanyenganda bamwe bo mumahanga bakoresha uburyo bwo kongeramo resin yuzuye kugirango barusheho gukomera. Nkokongeramo polyester yuzuye, styrene-butadiene reberi na carboxy-yarangiye (suo-) styrene-butadiene reberi, nibindi, ubu buryo ni uburyo bwo gukomera kumubiri. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugutangiza polymers zo guhagarika mumurongo wingenzi wa polyester idahagije, nkimiterere y'urusobekerane rwimikorere rwakozwe na polyester idahagije hamwe na epoxy resin na polyurethane resin, bitezimbere cyane imbaraga zingutu nimbaraga zingaruka za resin. , ubu buryo bwo gukomera ni uburyo bwo gukomeretsa imiti. Gukomatanya gukomeretsa kumubiri hamwe no gukomera kwa chimique birashobora kandi gukoreshwa, nko kuvanga polyester idahwitse cyane hamwe nibikoresho bidakorwa neza kugirango ugere kubyo wifuza.

Kugeza ubu, impapuro za SMC zakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda z’imodoka bitewe nuburemere bwazo bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ruswa, hamwe nuburyo bworoshye. Kubice byingenzi nkibikoresho byimodoka, inzugi zinyuma, hamwe nimbaho zo hanze, birakenewe gukomera, nkibikoresho byo hanze byimodoka. Abazamu barashobora gusubira inyuma ku rugero ruto hanyuma bagasubira muburyo bwabo bwa mbere nyuma yingaruka nkeya. Kongera ubukana bwa resin akenshi bitakaza indi mico ya resin, nko gukomera, imbaraga zidasanzwe, kurwanya ubushyuhe, no gukiza umuvuduko mugihe cyo kubaka. Kunoza ubukana bwa resin udatakaje indi miterere yihariye ya resin byabaye ingingo yingenzi mubushakashatsi no guteza imbere imyanda ya polyester idahagije.

4.Kureka styrene ihindagurika

Mubikorwa byo gutunganya polyester idahagije, styrene yuburozi ihindagurika bizatera ingaruka mbi kubuzima bwabakozi bubaka. Muri icyo gihe, styrene isohoka mu kirere, nayo izatera umwanda mwinshi. Kubwibyo, abayobozi benshi bagabanya kwibanda kuri styrene mu kirere cyamahugurwa. Kurugero, muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, urwego rwemewe rwo kwerekana (urwego rwemewe rwo kwerekana) ni 50ppm, mugihe mubusuwisi agaciro ka PEL ni 25ppm, ibintu nkibi ntabwo byoroshye kubigeraho. Kwishingikiriza kumyuka ikomeye nabyo ni bike. Muri icyo gihe, guhumeka gukomeye bizanatuma habaho gutakaza styrene hejuru y’ibicuruzwa no guhindagurika kwa styrene nyinshi mu kirere. Kubwibyo, kugirango ubone uburyo bwo kugabanya ihindagurika rya styrene, uhereye kumuzi, biracyakenewe kurangiza iki gikorwa muruganda rukora resin. Ibi bisaba iterambere ryimyuka mike ya styrene (LSE) idahumanya cyangwa idahumanya ikirere, cyangwa polyester idahagije idafite monomers styrene.

Kugabanya ibiri muri monomers bihindagurika byabaye ingingo yatunganijwe ninganda zamahanga zidahagije za polyester resin mumyaka yashize. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bukoreshwa muri iki gihe: (1) uburyo bwo kongeramo imbaraga nke za inibitori; . . Ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya ihindagurika rya styrene ni ukumenyekanisha ibindi bice nka dicyclopentadiene n'ibiyikomokaho muri polyester idahagije Resin skeleton, kugirango igere ku bwenge buke, kandi amaherezo igabanya ibiri muri monomer styrene.

Mugushakisha uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cyo guhindagurika kwa styrene, birakenewe ko dusuzuma byimazeyo uburyo bwakoreshwa muburyo busanzwe bwo kubumba nko gutera hejuru, uburyo bwo kumurika, uburyo bwo kubumba SMC, igiciro cyibikoresho fatizo byo gukora inganda, na guhuza na sisitemu ya resin. . Icyakora, hamwe no kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage no kurushaho kunoza imyumvire y’ubuzima bwabo no kurengera ibidukikije, ni ikibazo gusa mbere yuko hasabwa amategeko abigenga kugira ngo igihugu cy’abaguzi kituzuye nkatwe.

5.Imisozi irwanya ruswa

Bumwe mu buryo bunini bwo gukoresha ibinini bya polyester bidahagije ni ukurwanya kwangirika kw’imiti nkumuti ukomoka ku bimera, aside, ibishingwe, n umunyu. Dukurikije itangizwa ryinzobere zurusobe rudahagije, ibisigisigi birwanya ruswa bigabanijwemo ibyiciro bikurikira: (1) ubwoko bwa o-benzene; (2) ubwoko bwa iso-benzene; (3) ubwoko bwa p-benzene; (4) bispenol Ubwoko; (5) Ubwoko bwa Vinyl ester; nibindi nkubwoko bwa xylene, ubwoko bwa halogene burimo ibice, nibindi. Nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ubushakashatsi bwakomeje gukorwa nabasekuruza benshi ba siyanse, kwangirika kwa resin hamwe nuburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa byizwe neza. Ibisigarira byahinduwe nuburyo butandukanye, nko kwinjiza skeletike ya molekuline igoye kurwanya ruswa muri poliester idahagije, cyangwa gukoresha polyester idahagije, vinyl ester na isocyanate kugirango habeho imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro, ifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere kurwanya ruswa. ya resin. Kurwanya ruswa ni ingirakamaro cyane, kandi ibisigarira byakozwe nuburyo bwo kuvanga aside aside irashobora no kugera ku kurwanya ruswa.

Ugereranije naepoxy resins,igiciro gito kandi gutunganya byoroshye poliester resin zabaye inyungu nziza. Nk’uko impuguke za resin zidahagije zibitangaza, kurwanya ruswa ya polyester idahagije, cyane cyane kurwanya alkali, irarenze kure iy'ibisigisigi bya epoxy. Ntushobora gusimbuza epoxy resin. Kugeza ubu, kuzamuka kwamagorofa yo kurwanya ruswa byatanze amahirwe ningorabahizi kuri polyester idahagije. Kubwibyo, iterambere ryibintu bidasanzwe birwanya ruswa bifite ibyerekezo byinshi.

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6.Gel ikote

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Ikoti rya gel rifite uruhare runini mubikoresho bigize. Ntabwo igira uruhare rwo gushushanya gusa hejuru yibicuruzwa bya FRP, ahubwo igira uruhare mukurwanya kwambara, kurwanya gusaza no kurwanya ruswa. Nk’uko abahanga baturuka mu miyoboro ya resin idahagije, icyerekezo cy’iterambere rya gel coat resin ni uguteza imbere ikoti rya gel hamwe na styrene ihindagurika, guhumeka neza no kurwanya ruswa. Hano hari isoko rinini ryimyenda ya gel irwanya ubushyuhe muri gel coat. Niba ibikoresho bya FRP byinjijwe mumazi ashyushye igihe kirekire, ibisebe bizagaragara hejuru. Muri icyo gihe, bitewe no kwinjira buhoro buhoro amazi mu bintu byinshi, ibisebe byo hejuru bizagenda byiyongera. Ibibyimba ntibizagira ingaruka gusa Kubigaragara kuri kote ya gel bizagabanya buhoro buhoro imbaraga zibicuruzwa.

Teka Composites na Polymers Co ya Kansas, muri Amerika, ikoresha uburyo bwa epoxy na glycidyl ether-yarangije gukora kugirango ikore ikote rya gel ifite ububobere buke n'amazi meza kandi birwanya kwihanganira. Byongeye kandi, isosiyete ikoresha kandi polyether polyol yahinduwe na epoxy-yarangiye resin A (flexible resin) na dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) -hinduwe na resin B (rigid resin), byombi bifite Nyuma yo guteranya, ibisigara bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya amazi ntibishobora. gusa ufite imbaraga zo kurwanya amazi, ariko kandi ufite ubukana nimbaraga. Umuti cyangwa ibindi bintu bya molekuline nkeya byinjira muri sisitemu ya FRP binyuze muri gati ya gel, bigahinduka amazi adashobora kwihanganira amazi afite ibintu byiza byuzuye.

7.Umucyo ukiza polyester idahagije

Ibiranga gukiza biranga polyester idahagije ni ubuzima bwinkono ndende kandi byihuta gukira. Ibisigazwa bya polyester bidahagije birashobora kuzuza ibisabwa kugirango ugabanye ihindagurika rya styrene mukiza. Bitewe no guteza imbere ibyuma bifotora hamwe n’ibikoresho byo kumurika, hashyizweho urufatiro rwo guteza imbere ibisigazwa bifotora. Ibice bitandukanye bya UV-bivura bidahagije bya polyester byakozwe neza kandi bishyirwa mubikorwa byinshi. Ibintu bifatika, imikorere yimikorere hamwe nuburwanya bwo kwambara biratera imbere, kandi umusaruro urakorwa neza ukoresheje ubu buryo.

8.Ibiciro bike-resin hamwe nibintu byihariye

Ibisigarira nkibi birimo ibibyimba byinshi hamwe n’amazi yo mu mazi. Kugeza ubu, ubuke bwimbaraga zinkwi bufite icyerekezo cyo kuzamuka. Harabura kandi ikibazo cyabashinzwe ubuhanga bakora mu nganda zitunganya inkwi, kandi aba bakozi bahembwa cyane. Ibihe nkibi bitanga ibisabwa kugirango plastike yubuhanga yinjire ku isoko ryibiti. Ibisigarira bidahagije hamwe nibisigara birimo amazi bizatezwa imbere nkibiti byubukorikori mu nganda zo mu nzu kubera igiciro gito kandi bifite imbaraga nyinshi. Porogaramu izatinda mugitangira, hanyuma hamwe nogukomeza kunoza tekinoroji yo gutunganya, iyi porogaramu izatezwa imbere byihuse.

Ibisigazwa bya polyester bidahagije birashobora kuba ifuro kugirango ikore ibibyimba byinshi bishobora gukoreshwa nkibibaho, urukuta rwabigenewe mbere, nibindi byinshi. Ubukomezi n'imbaraga bya plastiki ifuro hamwe na poliester idahagije nkuko matrisa iruta iya PS ifuro ifuro; biroroshye gutunganya kuruta PVC ifuro ifuro; igiciro kiri munsi yubwa plastiki polyurethane ifuro ifuro, kandi kongeramo imiti igabanya ubukana irashobora kandi gutuma ikomeza gucana umuriro no kurwanya gusaza. Nubwo tekinoroji yo gukoresha resin yatejwe imbere byuzuye, ikoreshwa rya polyester yuzuye ifuro ryinshi mu bikoresho byo mu nzu ntabwo ryitabweho cyane. Nyuma yiperereza, bamwe mubakora resin bafite inyungu nyinshi mugutezimbere ubu bwoko bushya bwibikoresho. Bimwe mubibazo byingenzi (uruhu, imiterere yubuki, umubano wa gel-ifuro, kugenzura umurongo wa exothermic curve ntabwo byakemuwe neza mbere yumusaruro wubucuruzi. Kugeza igisubizo kibonetse, iyi resin irashobora gukoreshwa gusa kubera igiciro cyayo gito Mubikorwa byo mu nzu. Rimwe ibi bibazo byakemutse, iyi resin izakoreshwa cyane mubice nkibikoresho bya flam flame retardant aho gukoresha ubukungu bwayo gusa.

Amazi arimo polyester idahagije irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ubwoko bwamazi ashonga nubwoko bwa emulsion. Nko mu myaka ya za 1960 mumahanga, habaye patenti na raporo zubuvanganzo muri kano karere. Amazi arimo amazi ni ukongeramo amazi nkuzuza polyester idahagije kuri resin mbere ya gelin, kandi amazi ashobora kuba agera kuri 50%. Ibisigarira nkibi byitwa WEP resin. Ibisigarira bifite ibiranga igiciro gito, uburemere bworoshye nyuma yo gukira, kutagira umuriro mwiza no kugabanuka gake. Iterambere nubushakashatsi bwibisigazwa birimo amazi mu gihugu cyanjye byatangiye mu myaka ya za 1980, kandi hashize igihe kinini. Kubijyanye no gusaba, yakoreshejwe nkumukozi wa ankoring. Amazi adahagije polyester resin ni ubwoko bushya bwa UPR. Tekinoroji muri laboratoire iragenda ikura, ariko hariho ubushakashatsi buke kubisabwa. Ibibazo bigomba kurushaho gukemurwa ni ihame rya emulsiyo, ibibazo bimwe na bimwe muburyo bwo gukiza no kubumba, hamwe nikibazo cyo kwemeza abakiriya. Mubisanzwe, toni 10,000 yuzuye ya polyester idahagije irashobora gutanga toni zigera kuri 600 zamazi yumwanda buri mwaka. Niba igabanuka ryakozwe mugikorwa cyo kubyara polyester idahagije ikoreshwa mugutanga amazi arimo amazi, bizagabanya ibiciro bya resin kandi bikemure ikibazo cyo kurengera ibidukikije.

Ducuruza mubicuruzwa bikurikira: resin idahagije;vinyl resin; gel ikote; epoxy resin.

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