amakuru

Fibre ya karuboniYihesheje izina ryiza. Boeing 787 ifite uburemere bungana na 50%. Imodoka zo mu bwoko bwa Formula 1 zakozwemo kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1980. Amaguru y'inyongera, imiterere ya satelite, ibyuma bya turbine y'umuyaga, inkingi z'amagare maremare - ibi bikoresho bigaragara aho injeniyeri zigomba kwikorera imizigo zidatwaye uburemere.

Hari igihe, iyo nkuru yahindutse igitekerezo: kofibre ya karubonini ibikoresho byiza cyane biboneka, ntabwo ari byo. Ntabwo ari byo. Ibikoresho byinshi birenza imikorere yabyo mu buryo bwihariye kandi bupimye - kandi kumenya ibikenewe, n'impamvu, ni ingirakamaro kuruta gufata fibre ya karuboni nk'igisenge.

Dore aho bitsindwa mu by'ukuri, n'icyo bivuze mu myitozo.

Icyo "Imbaraga" mu by'ukuri bisobanura - n'impamvu ihindura byose

Iryo jambo rikora akazi kenshi mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho, kandifibre ya karuboniUbwiganze buterwa cyane n'igisobanuro ukoresha.

Akamaro nyako k'umunyu wa karuboni niimbaraga zihariye n'ubukana bwihariye — igipimo cy’imikorere ya mekanike n’uburemere. Ugereranyije n’ibyuma byinshi by’ubwubatsi, itsinda iryo rushanwa ku buryo bugaragara, ari nayo mpamvu indege n’imodoka byayikoresheje cyane nk’uko byabikoze. Icyuma kirakomeye mu buryo busesuye. Fibre ya karuboni irakomeye kuri kilo, ari na yo mubare w’ingenzi iyo garama yose igura lisansi cyangwa igihe cyo kuyikoresha.

Ariko imikorere y'imiterere si umubare umwe. Ni nibura itanu:

● Imbaraga zo gukurura — kurwanya gukurwaho

● Imbaraga zo gukanda — kurwanya gusya (intege nke za fibre ya karuboni)

● Gukomera / moduli yoroshye — kurwanya imihindagurikire y'uburemere munsi y'umutwaro

● Ubukomere — ingufu zinjira mbere yo kuvunika, ntibikwiye kwitiranywa n'imbaraga

● Gukomera ku bushyuhe — niba iyo mitungo igumana ubushyuhe buri hejuru

Fibre ya karubonini nziza cyane mu bice bitatu bya mbere hakurikijwe uburemere. Mu by'ukuri, irakomera cyane - iravunika nta nteguza aho guhindura imiterere yayo - kandi itangira kwangirika hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 400 mu kirere bitewe n'imiterere yayo. Ibyo bice bibiri niho buri kintu cyose kiri kuri uru rutonde kibona umwanya wacyo.

1. Graphene — Ikomeye ku mpapuro, Igoye mu bikorwa

Graphene irushaho gukururwa, kandi imibare isobanura ko ari yo ikwiye kwitabwaho. Urupapuro rwa karuboni rufite ubunini bwa atome imwe mu gice cy’urukuta cya hexagonal, imbaraga zayo zo gukurura ziruta uburemere bw’icyuma cyubatsweho mu byuma inshuro 200. Modulus yayo irarenza fibre ya karuboni. Kuri ibyo bipimo bibiri, nta kintu na kimwe kiboneka cyegeranye.

None se kuki indege zitakozwe muri yo?

Ikibazo ni ugukora gusa. Imiterere ya Graphene iri ku rwego rwa molekile, kandi ishingiye ku gutungana kw'imiterere. Igihe ugerageje kubaka ikintu ku rugero rw'umuntu - ikintu cyose washoboraga kubika - uba ushyiramo imbibi z'ingano, inenge, n'ibidahuye bigabanya iyo mibare y'inyigisho vuba. Urupapuro rwa graphene rudafite inenge rurerure nka santimetero nke ruracyari ikibazo cy'ubuhanga kitarakemuka ku rwego rw'ubucuruzi mu 2025, ndetse n'urutonde rw'imiterere.

Aho graphene ibona imbaraga nyazo ni nk'inyongeramusaruro. Gushyiramo uduce twa graphene cyangwa oxide ya graphene muri sisitemu ya resin ya carbon fiber byongera imbaraga zo gukata hagati ya laminar, gutwara ubushyuhe, ndetse no mu buryo bumwe na bumwe, imikorere y'amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho bitumaibinyabutabire bya fibre ya karuboni Birushaho kuba byiza. Ntabwo bibasimbura.

Umwanzuro:Graphene irusha cyane fibre ya karuboni ku gipimo cya nanoscale. Ku gipimo cy’ubuhanga, ni ikintu gitera imbaraga - ni ikintu gikomeye, ariko ntabwo gisimbura fibre ubwayo. Nyamara.

2. Nanotubes za Karuboni — Umukinnyi wa hafi cyane w’imitekerereze

Imibare iri ku mpapuro iragoye kuvuguruza. Utubumbe twa karuboni dufite imbaraga zo gukurura no gukomera birenga fibre ya karuboni nziza cyane ku rugero runini ku buryo, uramutse ushoboye kubaka ibice by’imiterere yabyo ku rugero runini, inganda z’indege n’izikora siporo zahinduka.

Iyo "niba" imaze imyaka igera kuri mirongo itatu ihari.

Ikibazo nyamukuru si ugusobanukirwa ibikoresho - abashakashatsi bazi neza impamvu CNTs zikora nk'uko zikora, kandi fiziki ni nziza. Ikibazo ni uko nanotube ya karuboni, mu buryo busobanuye, ari ikintu gipima nanometero. Kubona miliyari zazo zigomba kwihuza mu cyerekezo kimwe, zigahuza neza, kandi zigakora fibre ihoraho nta nenge zisenya iyo miterere y’inyigisho ni ikibazo gikomeye mu nganda cyarwanyije buri kigeragezo gikomeye cyo gukemura ikibazo cy’inganda. Fibre za CNT zibaho muri laboratwari. Zimwe zagaragaje imibare itangaje mu igeragezwa ryagenzuwe. Nta na kimwe cyagiye kirusha fibre ya karuboni ikora neza mu buryo bwose bw’imiterere y’ibintu mu buryo bugaragara mu miterere nyayo.

Icyo CNTs zigira neza muri iki gihe ni ugukora nk'inyongeramusaruro - kuzikwirakwiza binyuze muri resin matrix ya fibre ya karuboni ikoreshwa mu gutunganya resin binongera imbaraga zo gukata hagati y'imirongo, bigakemura bumwe mu buryo bukomeje kunanirwa mu miterere ya fibre ya karuboni. Uwo ni umusanzu nyakuri kandi w'ingirakamaro mu bucuruzi. Ntabwo ari byo umuntu yatekerezaga ubwo ubushakashatsi bwa CNT bwatangiraga gutangaza amakuru mu myaka ya za 90.

Inguni y'amashanyarazi ni indi porogaramu ikora: CNT zishobora gutuma inyubako zivanze zitwara umuriro zidafite uburemere bw'imiyoboro y'icyuma ishyizwemo, ibyo bikaba ingenzi mu kurinda inkuba mu ndege no mu kurinda amashanyarazi mu byuma by'ikoranabuhanga.

Umwanzuro:CNTs ntabwo ari ibikoresho bikomeye kurusha fibre ya karuboni nkuko wabisobanura uyu munsi. Ni ibikoresho bitera imbaraga fibre ya karuboni kandi bifite imiterere idasanzwe, ntabwo birabona uburyo bwo kugaragara mu rwego rw'ubuhanga. Niba izo mpinduka mu myaka icumi iri imbere zitaterwa cyane n'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho ahubwo biterwa n'iterambere ry'inganda.

3. Boron Nitride Nanotubes — Aho Ubushyuhe ari Umwanzi

Niba graphene na CNT ari imiterere y’udupira twa karubone ku mpapuro, boron nitride nanotubes ikemura ikibazo gitandukanye rwose: ni iki kibaho iyo umutwaro uje hamwe n’ubushyuhe.

BNNTs imiterere yazo isa na CNTs — tubular, nanoscale — ariko zubatswe hakoreshejwe atome za boron na azote aho kuba karuboni. Ingufu zazo zo gukurura no gukomera kwazo birangana. Ikintu cy'ingenzi gitandukanya ni ugukomera kw'ubushyuhe: BNNTs ziguma mu buryo buhamye mu kirere kugeza kuri 900°C. Nanotubes za karuboni zirasa kandi zigatangira kwangirika hafi 400°C. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya fibre ya karuboni, bitewe na resin matrix, bitangira gutakaza ubuziranenge bw'imiterere hagati ya 120°C na 250°C mu gihe cy'umutwaro uhoraho.

Ku binyabiziga bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe bwo kongera kwinjira, n'ibice bya moteri y'indege y'igisekuru gitaha, icyo cyuho cy'ubushyuhe si ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi - ni ikibazo cy'imiterere yacyo yose. Igikoresho gitakaza imbaraga zacyo kuri 200°C ntabwo ari ikintu gishobora gukoreshwa ku gice gifite ubushyuhe bwa 800°C, uko umubare w'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cyacyo waba uri kose. BNNTs ziri gukorwa cyane kugira ngo zikoreshwe neza, nubwo zigikomeza gukorwa mbere y'uko zikorwa.

Umwanzuro:Mu ikoreshwa iryo ari ryo ryose aho uburemere bw'imiterere n'ubushyuhe bukomeye bihurira, BNNTs zitanga ubushobozi fibre ya karuboni - hamwe n'ibikoresho byinshi bigezweho - bidashobora guhurirana na bwo. Imbogamizi ni ukuboneka, si imikorere.

4. Fibre za Silicon Carbide — Igisubizo cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi kimaze kuguruka

Nubwo BNNTs zikiri nyinshi mu iterambere, fibre za silikoni carbide zikomeje gukoreshwa mu duce aho fibre ya karuboni yananirwa burundu.

Imigozi ya SiC igumana imiterere y’imiterere yayo ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1,000°C, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu bice bishyuha bya moteri ya jet, ibice bya turbine, n’ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe mu kirere - porogaramu aho imigozi ya karubone itari no mu kiganiro. Nanone ikemura ikibazo cy’imbaraga zo gukandagira za fibre ya karubone: kimwe mu bibazo bitavugwaho cyane bya fibre ya karubone ni uko imbaraga zayo zo gukandagira ziri munsi cyane y’imbaraga zayo zo gukanda, ingaruka z’uburyo imigozi imwe imwe ikora iyo imigozi ikora nabi munsi y’imbaraga zo gukandagira. Imigozi ya SiC ntabwo ifite ubwo buryo bwo kudahuza ku rugero rumwe.

Imbogamizi zifatika ni ikiguzi n'ubushobozi bwo gutunganya. Ibyuma bivanze bya fibre ya SiC bisaba sisitemu za matrix za ceramic aho gukoresha matrix za polymer zikoreshwa na fibre ya karuboni, bivuze ko ibikoresho bitandukanye, ubushyuhe butandukanye bwo gutunganya, n'igiciro kinini kuri buri gice. Kubera izo mpamvu, bifata umwanya muto wo gukoresha.

Umwanzuro:Kugira ngo imiterere y’imiterere y’ibintu irusheho kuba myiza mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubukonje, fibre za SiC zirusha fibre za karuboni mu buryo butari hafi cyane. Aho ubushyuhe butuma fibre za karuboni zisohoka, fibre za SiC akenshi ni igisubizo cy’ubuhanga - kandi bitandukanye n’ibindi bikoresho byinshi biri kuri uru rutonde, ni igisubizo kimaze kuboneka mu bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora.

5. Fiber za UHMWPE (Dyneema, Spectra) — Iyo Ubukomere Butsinze Ubukomere

Fibre ya karuboni Ntibinanirwa neza. Iyo bigiye, bihita bicika burundu - kuvunika mu buryo butunguranye, nta nteguza, nta guhinduka kwabyo ngo bigutere ubwoba. Ubwo bucucike ni bwo bucucike wemera kubera ubukana bwabyo budasanzwe n'imbaraga zabyo, kandi mu nyubako z'indege cyangwa mu magare y'imodoka zisiganwa, ni ubucucike bufite ishingiro mu buhanga.

Dyneema na Spectra bikora kuri fiziki zitandukanye rwose. Zombi ni fibre za UHMWPE — Polyethylene ifite uburemere bwa Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight — kandi icyo zidasanzwe ni ukwinjiza ingufu aho kurwanya guhinduka. Ingufu zazo zihariye zo kwinjiza kuri buri gice cy'uburemere buri mu ntera iri hejuru y'ingufu zose z'imiterere. Agace kubatswe na Dyneema ntigacika iyo ikintu kiyikubise cyane; karambura, gakwirakwiza umutwaro, kandi kagakuraho ingaruka ku bikoresho. Iyo myitwarire ni yo wifuza iyo ikibazo cy'igishushanyo ari uguhagarika isasu cyangwa icyuma aho gufata ibaba mu buryo bukwiye.

Hari n'ibindi bintu bikwiye kwitabwaho: Fibre za UHMWPE zireremba mu mazi, zigira akamaro ku migozi yo mu mazi n'imigozi yo mu mazi aho uburemere buhurirana n'insinga zirenga kilometero. Zigumana neza mu gihe cyo kwangirika no mu gihe cy'imiti myinshi. Bitandukanye n'ibyo.ibinyabutabire bya fibre ya karuboni, byoroshye ku buryo byashyirwa mu turindantoki tudacika, mu nganda zirinda umubiri, no mu myenda irinda umubiri — nta bibumbano, nta autoclave, nta resin.

Icyuho cyo gukomera ni ukuri. Uburyo bwo gukamura bwa UHMWPE buri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ubw'imigozi ya karubone, ibi bikaba bibuza gukoreshwa mu miterere y'inyubako aho kuyobya munsi y'umutwaro ari cyo kiyigenga. Nta muntu urimo kubaka imiyoboro y'indege iturutse kuri Dyneema.

Ariko shyira ikibazo mu buryo butandukanye - ni iki gikomeye kurusha fibre ya karuboni iyo umutwaro ari mu buryo bwa kinetic, atari mu buryo butaziguye? - kandi UHMWPE itsinda ku gipimo kigenga imiterere. Ni ahantu hatandukanye ho gukora, ntabwo ari ho hato.

Umwanzuro:Kugira ngo irusheho gukomera no kudakora neza, fibre ya UHMWPE irusha fibre ya karuboni mu buryo bupimye kandi bugaragaza neza ikoreshwa ryayo. Igikoresho cyoroheje cyane cyo kurinda ibyuma si cyo gikomeye cyane - ni cyo gifata ingufu nyinshi mbere yuko kinanirwa.

6. Ibikoresho bya Metal Matrix — Guhuza Imiterere y'Ibyuma n'Ibikoresho

Hari ikibazo cy'ubuhanga mu by'ubwubatsiibinyabutabire bya fibre ya karubonigukora nabi kandi ibyuma bisukuye birahenda, kandi MMC zirahari kubera ibyo.

Fata agasanduku k'ibyogajuru gakeneye kuba koroheje, gahamye mu buryo bungana n'ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 300 mu kirere, gafite amashanyarazi yo gutuma hasi, kandi gakomeye ku buryo kadahinduka mu gihe cy'imitingito. Igice cya fibre ya karuboni ya polymer-matrix gikubiyemo bibiri muri ibyo bisabwa. Aluminiyumu MMC - icyuma gikomejwe n'uduce twa karuboni ya silicon - gishobora gutwikira byose uko ari bine. Ntabwo izatsinda irushanwa ry'uburemere naCFRPUbukana bwihariye, ariko burushaho kuba bwiza ugereranyije na aluminiyumu idakomejwe, kandi ntibisaba uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe n’amashanyarazi ibintu bivanze na polymer bihura na byo.

Roto z'imodoka zikoresha feri ni urugero rwiza. Akazi ni ukunyunyuza no gusohora ubushyuhe bwinshi hakoreshejwe feri nini ihoraho mu gihe irinda kwangirika no kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo. Ibikoresho bya fibre ya karuboni bikoreshwa muri ubu buryo ku gice cyo hejuru cya moto, ariko bisaba ubushyuhe bwo gukora kugira ngo bigume mu murongo muto kandi birahenze kubisimbuza. Silicon carbide aluminum MMCs zikora ku bushyuhe bwinshi, zihanganira ikoreshwa ribi cyane, kandi zigura amafaranga make kuri buri rugendo rw'akazi mu mihanda aho igihe cyo gusimbuza kigomba kuba ingirakamaro.

Ingufu zo gukanda zikwiye gusobanurwa neza: imbaraga zo gukanda za fibre ya karuboni ziri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'imbaraga zayo zo gukanda - ingaruka z'uburyo fibre zikora iyo microbuckling. MMC ntizifite ubwo buryo bwo kudahuza. Ku bice byuzuye cyane cyane mu gukanda - ubuso bw'ibice, utuzu tw'imiterere munsi y'umutwaro wa axial, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo - ibyo bifite agaciro kurusha imibare y'umutwe wo gukanda.

Umwanzuro:MMC ntizirusha fibre ya karuboni imbaraga runaka zo gukurura. Zirusha izindi imbaraga zo guhuza ubushyuhe, imbaraga zo gukanda, imikorere y'amashanyarazi, n'ubukomere bw'ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zikenera icyarimwe. Iyo igishushanyo mbonera gikeneye ibikoresho bikora nk'icyuma ariko bikora hafi y'ikintu kigezweho, MMC zuzuza icyuho fibre ya karuboni itigeze ikorerwa.

Impamvu Fibre ya Carbone Ikomeje Gutsinda Akenshi

Nta na kimwe muri ibyo byavuzwe haruguru gihamya kofibre ya karuboniirashaje. Gukomeza kwayo kwiganza mu miterere y’imikorere myiza bigaragaza ibyiza nyabyo nta munywanyi n’umwe wigeze afunga.

Urusobe rw'inganda ni rwo rudakunze kuvugwa. Ibikoresho bya fibre ya karuboni bigira inyungu mu myaka myinshi yo kunoza imikorere - uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho, inzira za autoclave, uburyo bwo kugenzura budasenya, amabwiriza yo gusana, ububiko bw'amakuru bwemewe, imiyoboro y'ibikoresho byemewe. Injeniyeri ugaragaza igice cya fibre ya karuboni muri 2025 afite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwigana, amasomero y'uburyo bwo gutsindwa, n'uburyo bwo gutanga ibyangombwa ku batanga ibikoresho bitaraboneka ku bikoresho byinshi biri kuri uru rutonde. Ubwo bumenyi bw'ikigo bufite agaciro nyako k'ubuhanga, kandi ntibwimukira mu buryo bwikora ku bikoresho bishya uko byagenda kose uko coupon z'ibyo bikoresho zisa neza kose.

Graphene na CNTs bizarushaho kuba byizaibinyabutabire bya fibre ya karubonimbere yuko zisimburwa. Fibre za SiC na BNNTs zikemura ibibazo by'ubushyuhe Fibre ya karuboni ntiyigeze ikorwa ngo ikemure. UHMWPE ikemura ikibazo cy'ubukomere mu mikoreshereze ifite imitwaro itandukanye cyane. Imiterere irahoraho: nta na kimwe muri ibi bikoresho kirusha fibre ya karuboni mu buryo butandukanye. Buri kimwe kiyitsinda ku murongo runaka aho imiterere ya fibre ya karuboni iba ari yo ikenewe cyane.

Aho Ikibuga Giherereye Mu By'ukuri

Ikibazo cy'ingirakamaro si ibyo gusimburafibre ya karuboni — ni uburyo ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa hamwe.

Imiterere y’ibikoresho ifite laminate ya karuboni, resin ya graphene yongerewe imbaraga zo gukomera hagati y’ibice, hamwe no kongera imbaraga za SiC mu bice bishyuha cyane ntabwo ari ibintu bifatika. Birimo gukorwa cyane muri gahunda zikomeye z’indege. Igitekerezo - imiterere y’urwego, cyangwa sisitemu y’ibikoresho yakozwe ku bipimo byinshi icyarimwe - kigaragaza impinduka nyayo mu buryo ibikoresho by’imiterere bigenwa. Aho guhitamo ibikoresho byiza ku gice kimwe, injeniyeri zitangiye gukora ihuza ry’ibikoresho bihuye n’imitwaro yihariye, imiterere y’ubushyuhe, n’uburyo bwo gutsindwa igice kizabona mu gihe gikoreshwa.

Uburyo bwo guhiganwa mu miterere - graphene vs. fibre ya karuboni, CNT vs. fibre ya karuboni - ntibureba icyerekezo ikoranabuhanga ririmo kugendamo. Igisubizo cy' "ikirusha fibre ya karuboni imbaraga" kiragenda kirushaho kwiyongera: imvange irimo fibre ya karuboni nk'imwe mu byiciro byinshi byo gukomeza, buri kimwe kikagira uruhare aho gikora neza.

Incamake

Fibre ya karuboni si cyo gikoresho gikomeye cyane. Ni cyo gikoresho gikomeye cyane mu buryo bwagutse bw’imiterere y’ibikoresho — kandi icyo ni cyo gikoresho kigoye gukuraho kurusha ikindi gipimo cy’imikorere.